Florida is home to an incredibly diverse population of reptiles, with over 50 species of snakes slithering through its forests, wetlands, and backyards. While most of these snakes are non-venomous and generally shy around humans, a new study has revealed that just two species are responsible for the vast majority of snakebite incidents reported in the state.
The study, conducted by researchers at the University of Florida in partnership with the Florida Department of Health, analyzed over a decade’s worth of snakebite data. Their findings pinpointed the eastern diamondback rattlesnake and the cottonmouth, commonly known as the water moccasin—as the leading culprits behind Florida’s venomous snakebite cases.
Breaking Down the Study
The research team reviewed more than 3,000 medically documented snakebite cases between 2010 and 2023. They cross-referenced hospital records, toxicology reports, and wildlife incident databases. The goal? To determine which snake species were most frequently involved in human envenomations and how geographic, seasonal, and behavioral factors influenced bite rates.
The findings were clear:
- The eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) accounted for roughly 45% of venomous bites.
- The cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus) was responsible for about 35%.
Combined, these two snakes caused approximately 80% of Florida’s venomous snakebite incidents.
The remaining 20% were attributed to other native venomous species, such as the pygmy rattlesnake, coral snake, and canebrake (timber) rattlesnake, though their numbers were significantly lower.
Meet the Offenders
Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake: Florida’s Largest and Most Dangerous
The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the largest venomous snake in North America, capable of reaching lengths over six feet. Native to the southeastern United States, it is frequently found in dry pine forests, palmetto flatwoods, and scrublands throughout Florida.
Its potent hemotoxic venom attacks blood and tissue, and although bites can be fatal if untreated, timely medical care has made fatalities rare. What makes the diamondback especially dangerous is its size, ability to camouflage, and tendency to deliver a significant venom dose when it bites defensively.
“These snakes usually avoid humans, but bites often happen when someone accidentally steps on one or gets too close,” said Dr. Maria Torres, the study’s lead researcher. “They are more active during the warmer months, especially during mating season, which increases human encounters.”
Cottonmouth: The Aggressive Swimmer
The cottonmouth, or water moccasin, is another native Floridian snake with a fearsome reputation. It’s most commonly found near freshwater sources such as lakes, swamps, and slow-moving rivers.
While smaller than the diamondback, the cottonmouth is infamous for its defensive behavior. It gets its name from the white interior of its mouth, which it displays as a warning when threatened. It can be aggressive if provoked, and its venom causes intense pain, swelling, and potential tissue damage.
“What’s interesting is that many cottonmouth bites occur near recreational areas—canoeing spots, fishing docks, and swimming holes,” noted Dr. Torres. “It highlights the importance of education in minimizing risk, especially in rural and water-rich counties.”
Where and When Are Bites Most Common?
The study also highlighted some important regional and seasonal patterns:
- Geographic Hotspots: Snakebites were most commonly reported in north-central and central Florida, where habitats for both species overlap significantly. Counties such as Alachua, Marion, Polk, and Lake had higher incident rates.
- Peak Season: Most bites occurred between April and September, coinciding with warmer weather and increased outdoor activity among both humans and snakes.
- Demographics: The majority of bite victims were males aged 18–45, often engaged in outdoor labor, hiking, or fishing. A surprising number of incidents occurred when individuals attempted to handle or kill the snakes.
Prevention is Key: Tips to Stay Safe
While the study aims to inform, it also serves as a reminder that education and awareness are the best tools for preventing snakebites. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) and local health departments recommend the following precautions:
- Wear boots and long pants when walking in tall grass or wooded areas.
- Avoid sticking hands or feet into hollow logs, thick brush, or under rocks.
- Never try to pick up, kill, or play with a snake—even if it appears to be dead.
- Stay alert when near bodies of water, especially during warm months.
- Educate children about snake safety and the importance of not provoking wildlife.
In addition, all Floridians are urged to seek immediate medical attention if bitten. Antivenom is readily available in most hospitals, and rapid treatment significantly reduces the risk of complications.
Final Thoughts
Florida’s natural beauty comes with a few wild hazards, and venomous snakes are among them. But thanks to research like this new study, residents and visitors alike can make more informed choices about how they interact with nature. Understanding the behavior and habitats of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake and cottonmouth is a critical step in staying safe—and respecting the crucial role these creatures play in Florida’s ecosystems.
While snakebites can be scary, they are largely preventable with awareness and caution. In the words of Dr. Torres, “The more we learn about these animals, the less we fear—and the more we respect their space.”